Ackermann's Function Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ackermann's Function - Research Paper Example After Ackermann made a distribution of his specific capacity (having just three non-number capacities) a great deal of endeavors have been finished by different creators during the time spent altering the capacity to apply to different circumstances, so that at present, this specific capacity can apply viably to the various variations that contain the first capacity. One of the regular variants of the Ackermann’s work is the Ackermann-Peter work, which is a two-contention, is frequently characterized utilizing the non-negative whole numbers m and n as appeared (Hazewinkel 2001). From the capacity beneath, one can without much of a stretch find that the qualities are developing and extending quickly, in any event, for the little data sources (Monin 2003). For example, take A (4,2), and one can without much of a stretch see that it is a whole number containing around 19, 729 decimal digits. In light of the fact that this capacity has been utilized broadly with progress, it has been named as very ineffectual particularly with regards to figuring complex numbers, making the procedure extremely moderate. The intricacy related with this capacity frequently becomes very quick, particularly with regards to its memory and run-time. Hence, it is frequently the best and generally utilized during the time spent showing students a portion of the perplexing kinds of different recursions. Moreover, it is likewise utilized as an experiment particularly with regards to compiler improvement utilized in enhancing recursions. The numbers utilized in the outline for the issue of A (4, n) appear to be very huge, to such an extent that one can portray the Ackermann’s work as being incredibly moderate particularly with regards to processing extremely huge numbers (Sundblad 2003). Because of the fact that the numbers will in general become rapidly, this capacity is regularly worried about making recursions and deductions. Following this acknowledgment, one can along these lines devise some different easy routes that can achieve another capacity regarded proficient and compelling as appeared. The succession of numbers

Develop understanding of learning and teaching mathematics Essay - 1

Create comprehension of learning and showing science - Essay Example Platform in training instructing alludes to the procedure by which the teacher isolates the learning into lumps insect at that point furnish the experts with a device or a structure, for each piece made. The utilization of platform as a methodology in learning has shown various quality and force in improving comprehension by the students. In the arithmetic recorded framework has gotten ground-breaking in appearing and telling, by upgrading information ingestion and comprehension through observing and demonstrating (James and Wilson, 2002). It has gotten a ton of qualities by taking advantage of earlier information. For this situation, the scientific course educator requests that the understudies profit their own encounters to one another, hunches and thoughts concerning the idea and substance of the examination. They are along these lines requested to outline how the specific idea of study has either immediate or roundabout connection to their background just as their everyday life exercises. Through this, the experts get in a situation to make a great deal of associations in science concentrate just as expanding their ability of getting a handle on the number juggling ideas all alone. Platform has shown a great deal of intensity and quality giving the experts time to talk. This is because of the way that in a science exercises, all the specialists need time to attempt the handling of new number-crunching thoughts and data. As a training procedure it has developed progressively powerful in giving the space to students to verbally make feeling of just as articulating their learning with other scientific students. As an organized system, it is increasingly powerful since it works best with specialists in spite of their varying degrees of development. The utilization of platform technique in instructing has exhibited a great deal of solidarity when it comes arrangement of pre-tech jargon. Pre-tech jargon is now and again alluded to as frontloading jargon, including managing of

Design Engineering Example

Design Engineering Example Design Engineering â€" Assignment Example > FIRE SAFETY REPORTFIRE SAFETY REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED BUILDING OF MR. AND MRS. JONESBACKGROUNDMr. and Mrs. Jones proposed building should have fire safety measures that should provide sustainable level of safety and protect their health and safety for unspecified period of occupancy. The safety measures for the building should conform to regulation 7 of building regulation 2000 (Crown 2007:6). The materials for construction should bear marking CE with respect to Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC. Electrical products present in the building should comply with Low Voltage Directive 73/23/EEC and amendment 93/68/EEC and EMC directive 89/336/EEC (amended by the CE marking directive 93/68/EEC). The building should conform to Construction (Design and Management) Regulation 2006 and Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005. The fire safety should meet recommended environmental protection under Pollution Prevention Guidelines (PPG18). The fire safety measures should satisfy oth er property protection stakeholders like insurance firms. Means of fire detection and escapeMr and Mrs. Jones building should have fire alarm systems for detecting outbreak of fire. The fire detection apparatus should warn users of fire outbreak in order to start moving towards the protected areas if they are in circulation spaces or other rooms. Stimulation of fire alarms occurs in response to rise in temperature (heat) or presence of detectable smoke particles. Fire detection apparatus provides active fire protection for buildings and should comply with British Standards BS 5839-6:2004 at least Grade D category LD3 standards. Smoke detectors should comply with BS 5446-1:2000 and heat detectors should comply with BS 5446-2:2003 standards. Clause 15 of British Standards BS 5839-6:2004 requires fire detectors to have standby power supply. The standby power supply should be derived from a rechargeable battery, non-rechargeable battery or a capacitor. According to BS 5446-1 standards , the smoke alarms should either be ionization chamber smoke detectors or optical (photo-electric) smoke detectors. Invisible smoke particles in some rooms can trigger false alarms and therefore optical smoke detectors should be installed in rooms like the lounge in ground floor and first floor, kitchen, family/breakfast room, family/study room, dining room and all circulation spaces (appendix 1 and 2). In rooms where they are installed, position of the smoke alarm should comply with BS 5839-6:2004. On the other hand, installation of photo-electric smoke alarms should occur in all circulation spaces linking to bedrooms in the first floor, store, cloak room in ground floor and first floor and all circulation spaces in the ground floor. Smoke alarms inter-distance should be 7.5 meters (Crown 2007:17) (appendix 1 and 2). The building should have inter-linked heat alarms in the kitchen and circulation space serving the kitchen (Crown 2007:17). Smoke alarms that are mounted on the ceilin g should be 300 millimeters from the wall and lighting fitting. This ensures heat from the lighting appliance does not trigger a false alarm. Sensors that are mounted on the ceiling should be positioned 25-600 millimeters below the ceiling and also at distance of between 25-150 millimeters from the heat detectors. Installation of fire detector apparatus should comply with Approved Document P (Electrical safety). The cables used for installation of fire detector apparatus should comply with British Standards BS 5839-6:2004 or BS 5839-1:2002 (Crown 2007:18). After the fire detection system is installed, Mr. and Mrs. Jones should be issued with certificate of fire alarm installation. Mr. and Mrs. Jones should be provided with fire detector manufacturer’s instruction manual on operation and maintenance of the fire alarm system which should satisfy British Standards BS 5838-1 and BS 5839-6 requirements.

Essay on The Facts about Skin Cancer - 898 Words

Skin Cancer What is Skin Cancer? Skin cancer: is created by a malignant growth of cells that are found on the outer layers of the skin. Quite a few types of cancers can grow in the skin. The two common ones are basal and squamous cell carcinoma. These two are preferably known as non-melanoma skin cancer. What are the causes of Skin Cancer? Skin cancer is typically caused by long term exposures to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation can damage our genetic information (DNA) in the cells enabling them to deteriorate, or not have the ability to function properly causing them to multiply out of control. In addition to obtaining skin cancer from UV radiation, the environment can play a great factor towards our health. The two types of†¦show more content†¦To detect if a patient or someone has developed skin cancer, a doctor must carefully examine their body. The doctor needs to spot the growths, moles, and dry patches to see if any changes had appeared. In order to get a better look, the dermatologists use a tool called a dermascope. This device is used to reflect light on the skin. It expands the skin allowing the doctor to be exposed to the different layers and tincture of the skin. If the doctor detects skin irregularities, the doctor can remove it or at least some small parts. The extra skin cells will be sent off to a laboratory in order to run tests on the substance. This is called a biopsy. A biopsy can be a diagnostic method to see if someone has skin cancer. This is very crucial step because without a biopsy it is impossible to seek clarification. Different forms of treatments provided for Skin Cancer? Depending on where it is found on the body, how it appears and if it is aggressive, doctors may be able to treat it. The different options for treating skin cancer are: †¢ Surgical treatment: the main purpose is to remove the cancer before it spreads, which may be impossible. Doctors often engage in these other procedures: †¢ Excision: The doctors uses anesthesia to solidify the patient’s skin. The doctors then surgically cut the skin and removeShow MoreRelatedSkin Cancer Essay1178 Words   |  5 PagesSymptoms of Skin Cancer The Causes and symptoms of Skin Cancer While tanning beds and extreme use/exposure to UV rays are ways to get skin cancer, there are also various other ways to get it. Many don’t know that genetics and traits can actually play a huge role in developing this dangerous disease. They also don’t know that skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the U.S. today. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation more people over the last 300 years have had skin cancer than all ofRead MoreSkin Cancer and the Elderly Essays1008 Words   |  5 Pagesnaturally otherwise. When reports about the negative effects of UV light came about, I constantly heard â€Å"Oh, it won’t happen to me, I will deal with that when I’m older, but for now I’m going to continue tanning.† Today, skin cancer â€Å"is the most common type of cancer in the U.S.† (Ferrini, 2008). It is also the most dangerous for elders merely because of that mindset, â€Å"Oh, I’ll worry about it later;† that is exactly what happens for those who develop skin cancer. I have seen a minimal decrease inRead MoreThe System Of The Human Body1429 Words   |  6 Pagesin the function of the human body. The system is made up of the skin and skin derivatives such as hair, nails, glands and receptors and provides the body with a line of defence against foreign, infectious pathogens (Moore et al., 2013). The skin is the most vulnerable organ to injury and disease as it is an external organ and the largest organ of the body, contributing to approximately 15% of the body’s weight (Hackman, 2014). The skin also helps to maintain homeostasis in the body as well as containingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Basal Cell Carcinomas961 Words   |  4 PagesSection 2: The article is referring about skin cancers, most specifically, Basal Cell Carcinomas. The article states the facts in a much more detailed manner, stating that indeed people who expose themselves to ultraviolet rays for prolonged perio d of time, some form of abnormalities such as skin cancer may occur. Section 3: the reasoning on this article was to convince and to point out the facts that indeed an individual can develop Basal Cell carcinoma overtime due to [prolonged exposures to ultravioletRead Moreas stated earlier in the essay, the incidence of people treated for skin cancer compared to the800 Words   |  4 Pagestreated for skin cancer compared to the population means that two percent of the population will be treated or diagnosed every year however there is a group particularly affected by these statistics. According to the Cancer Council Australia (2014), non-melanoma skin cancer is more common in men than in women, this may be due to the fact that men may wear less when going out in the sun and will take risks more, possibly by not wearing protective clothing and sunscreen. As well as this fact it is alsoRead MoreAn Effective Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy1139 Words   |  5 Pageswould not recommend this as an effective skin cancer prevention strategy. While the strategies mentioned in this section can still be used to prevent skin cancer, they have some defects that prevent them from being the main prevention strategies. Some of them are as a result of them having a short term benefit but long term disadvantage such as the Resurfacing Procedures while other like funding more research do not guarantee effectiveness to prevent skin cancer. Key Strategies Chromic diseases areRead MoreTypes of Cancer1236 Words   |  5 PagesCancer Research Task Types of Cancer: Carcinoma - is a cancer that lines the surface of the skin, glands, organs which are the epithelial tissue. Sarcoma- is a cancer that grows on the cartilage, fat, bone, muscle and tendons which are the connective tissues in the body. Leukaemia- is a cancer of the bone marrow and affects the blood, lymphatic and immune system. I have decided to do my Cancer Research task on skin cancer as it is a very common form of cancer and my grandpaRead MoreShould Sunblock Be Applied Every Day?956 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinitely not the case, sunblock should be applied every day, a couple times during the day for added measure to protect the skin from the harmful ultraviolet B (UVB), and ultraviolet A (UVA) sun rays. There are many different theories of the right amount of sun protection factor or SPF level for protection against painful sunburns, blisters, sores and possibly skin cancer. Going to the store can be challenging when looking for a sunblock to purchase that will be the right form of defense becauseRead MoreEssay about Skin Cancer in Relation to the Ottawa Charter1339 Words   |  6 PagesPDHPE SKIN CANCER Cancer is the second largest cause of death in Australia and accounts for approximately 27% of all deaths. Risk factors generally include exposure to sun, poor diet and smoking. Many types of cancer such as skin cancer, lung cancer and breast cancer are easily preventable by early detection and awareness; however, some cancers cannot be prevented. The National Skin Cancer Awareness Program represents the new public health approach. This is because it has been created to preventRead MoreMelanoma Skin Cancer Essay1064 Words   |  5 Pageslargest organ of the human body is your skin. It is your body’s first line of defense against infections, injuries, heat, and sunlight. It also helps in controlling the temperature of your body and getting rid of the excess water and salt by sweating it out. Skin cancer is also known as cancer of the sun. Excessive amounts of ultra violet lights affect your skin in negative ways, possibly leading to Melanoma skin cancer. Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer there is and can often times be fatal

The Female Role in A Rose for Emily, Miss Brill, and The...

Reading literature, at first, might seem like simple stories. However, in works like William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm,† the female protagonists are examples of how society has oppressive expectations of women simply because of their gender. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† by William Faulkner, the story starts out with a distinctive split between the motivations of men and women: â€Å"The men through a sort of respectful affection for a fallen monument, the women mostly out of curiosity† (Faulkner 121). At the funeral of Emily, the narrator appoints men in the category of attending out of respect, and women attending simply because they are curious and nosy. The immediate†¦show more content†¦The town tolerates a human beings death â€Å"in order to preserve themselves from the task of investigating a word, lady, a woman, Miss Emily† (Curry). Any objection would undermine the entire meaning of being a lady. Emily ultimately gets away with murder because she is a woman. An important aspect in â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is the narrators gender is left a mystery; this allows the reader to openly interpret the story from a different aspect, more specifically, through the mind of a feminist. Emily is subtly portrayed as an admirable woman who defies societys expectations of gender roles. Faulkners use of the nosy women and the respectful men at the funeral, without further inquiry, may seem like it is in favor of a patriarchal society. However, Faulkners main goal was to encourage the reader to understand that a woman, Emily, was capable of controlling her own behavior without societys influence. In order to better understand how societys expectations of women are incorporated in â€Å"The Storm,† it is important to understand author Kate Chopins protest. Chopins writings gave the â€Å"potential to unhinge patriarchal discour se† (Cutter) by giving women a voice. Her earlier works focused on passive women who were unheard and oppressed in a patriarchal society. Her later works show contrast by â€Å"moving towards a clearer understanding of how women most effectively can resist patriarchal suppression† (Cutter). As Chopins career progressed, she gaveShow MoreRelatedThe Female Role in William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm.†1329 Words   |  5 PagesReading literature, at first, might seem like simple stories. However, in works like William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† Katherine Mansfields â€Å"Miss Brill,† and Kate Chopins â€Å"The Storm,† the female protagonists are examples of how society has oppressive expectations of them simply because of their gender. Curry believes that Faulkner displays the story of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† through scenes of gender differences. The beginning of the story shows the motivational split between men and women.Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestheir situation within the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade

Gia and Her Life Free Essays

Gia Marie Carangi is a gorgeous Philadelphia native who arrives in New York City to become a model and immediately makes an impression on a very high profiled agent by the name of Wilhelmina Cooper. In the movie Gia’s sexual identity is not identified by her. She never comes out directly and states I’m a lesbian or bisexual. We will write a custom essay sample on Gia and Her Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even though she never had sex with a man, she never said that she wasn’t attractive to men. Gia was very open minded and was always willing to explore her sexuality. Throughout the movie growing up she was finding herself while meeting a woman by the name of Linda who at the time they met was involved with a man. Gia really loved Linda but in the beginning Linda would always push her away which fueled her drug addiction. Linda was bisexual and in the beginning had issues with it because Gia was the first woman she ever been with but Linda also fell in love with her in time. Gia was feminine but at times could be very aggressive and had some boyish qualities about her to me that stood out. Her looks which made her one of the top female models back in the 70’s had male and females in awe of her beauty. Gia had a uniqueness about her that made her different from everybody else which elevated her into the star she was destined to become. Her beauty was like a gift and a curse because it got her to places she never dreamed of going, yet the curse for some could be that people only looked at the outer beauty and cared less what was on the inside. Gia finally realized that Linda was the only one that was there for her and she thanked her for that while photographers and other people surrounding her just saw her as a face that could make money and could care less if she couldn’t speak because they didn’t want her to open her mouth just look beautiful. Gia was very erotic and adventourous which did capture the interests of others to her and she portrayed that well on camera which the photographer loved! The movie takes place in the late 1970’s and around that time was the term â€Å"sexual liberation† or â€Å"free love† with millions of young people embracing the hippie ethos and preaching the power of love and the beauty of sex as a natural part of life. Sex was experimented openly in and outside of marriage and around the 80’s is when free love ended abruptly because that’s when the public became aware of AIDS. Sex and drugs was one of the main components that surrounded her and by being in the entertainment industry that always came with the territory some did it more than others but in Gias case the drugs took over her life at one point sharing needles which later on is found out how she contracted AIDS. How to cite Gia and Her Life, Papers

Sustainable Tourism Development

This essay shows that there are initiatives which aim at promoting sustainability in tourism destinations. However, these initiatives do not work due to the diverse nature of the tourism industry. The essay demonstrates this through various approaches to tourism sustainability and methods that stakeholders have applied in their attempts to enhance sustainability of tourism destinations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We can define sustainability as a growth that does not experience any threats from feedback. Here, feedback refers to social unrest, pollution, or depletion of resources. We can relate this to the development of tourism destination. In tourism, sustainability would be â€Å"that level of development which does not exceed the carrying capacity of the destination and thus cause serious or irreversible changes to the destination† ( Tribe, 2005). This is what we call a growth that can sustain itself over time. It is hard for a nation or a sector to use effective plans for sustainable tourism development with clear agenda. The UNWTO provides policy guidelines for such purposes. The UNWTO refers sustainable tourism with regard to sustainability assumption as â€Å"the environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions its long-term sustainability† (UNWTO, 1995). Sustainability in tourism destination must ensure optimal use of resources that are sources of tourism development, their maintenance, and conservation of biodiversity and natural heritage (Liu, 2003). The project must also â€Å"adhere to socio-cultural existences of host communities, conserve their cultural heritage and enhance cultural understanding and tolerance† (Swarbrooke, 1999). Sustainable tourism project must also provide socio-economi c benefits, long-term economic availability, stable employment, poverty reduction, social services, and generation of income to the host community and all stakeholders. First, regulations are forms of ensuring sustainability of tourism destinations. Stakeholders can introduce permissions and permits as forms of preventative control. Permits and permissions aim at preventing damages by requiring stakeholders to get permissions so as to engage in possible harmful activities. For instance, we can have planning permits to stop developments that do not meet planning guidelines and larger environmental matters and effects. Second, regulation also involves environmental impact assessment. Some projects which may have severe impacts on the environment; thus the authorities must review an environmental consequences of such projects. It may use a cost-benefit approach that covers the all costs and advantages to stakeholders. For a development to be socially acceptable, its benefits to society must exceed its cost to society.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Third, controls and laws are also effective means of providing and controlling environmental pollutant targets. Occasionally, policymakers may introduce these laws and controls after an event that cause harm to the environment has started. Such laws may cover restrictions to aircraft and other forms of pollution and the quality standards of water for consumption. Litter laws and their subsequent fines are also part of this regulation. Fourth, there are also special designation areas. Most countries have sites that have special status as a way of promoting conservation and controlling development. These designations have varying degrees of statutory backing. For example, the UK has designated Sites of Special Scientific Interests (SSSIs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauties (AONBs). The UK considers SSSI s sites as â€Å"areas of special interest because of flora, fauna, geological or physiographical features† (National Park Service, 1990). The Countryside Commission designates AONBs areas for the purpose protecting places with natural beauty. The IUCN (the World Conservation Union) has also classified protected places, with an idea of enhancing international conservation efforts and providing the benchmark for protection. Special designation areas may include nature reserve, national parks, natural monuments, and protected landscape or seascape among others. Fifth, most countries now have laws to ensure that large organisations devote sections of their resources to corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR now extends to include the environment apart from other issues of organisations. Private organisations are focusing on the environment by creating their environmental management teams, creating environmental guidelines and carrying out environmental evaluations and requir ed actions for purposes of conserving the environment. The WTTC and WTO are responsible for the provision of leadership and guidelines in environmental conservation. Most guidelines in this area focus on noise, emissions, waste, congestion, tourism and conservation (Deloitte and Oxford Economics, 2010). Some forms of these regulations are difficult to implement. Still, the industry may find them difficult to follow. There are cases where private developers and environmental authorities engage in lawsuits. Such issues hinder regulations as attempts to enhance sustainability in tourism destinations. Market methods highlight â€Å"manipulation of prices as a method of achieving environmental goals through adjustment of market prices in an attempt to reflect the environmental costs, and benefits of activities† (Tribe, 2005). The sole purpose is for the manufactures and their customers change their behaviours with regard to new prices. This ensures that individuals’ efforts in environmental conservation are worthwhile (Middleton and Hawkins, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Tourism Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first concept is ownership. People tend to overuse free resources and areas of free access. Thus, policymakers advocate privatisation of such natural resources. For instance, ownership of a lake is an incentive to enforce property rights. Thus, people may pay for the use of resources such as lakes and oceans as dumping sinks. Firms will strive to maximise their gains and satisfy their shareholders expectations. Thus, policymakers advocate for public ownership to enhance environmental management. In principle, a public organisation has an â€Å"incentive to consider social costs and benefits to the country† (Cohen, 2002). Policymakers can use taxes and increasing prices to reduce the use of products with negative environmental cons equences, and subsidies that can reduce prices and promote the use of products that have positive effects on the environmental. Taxation has worked since it adoption by OECD in 1972 as a way of passing the cost to polluters (OECD, 2001). On carbon dioxide emissions, Curtis argues that we can make moderate emissions reductions by â€Å"way of increased energy efficiency but that excess emissions by luxury hotels and resorts need further action† (Curtis, 2002). Transport has been a main source of concern in this area. National Parks authorities of the UK have emphasised necessities of transport systems to countryside tourism and recreation. They note that about 90 percent of visitors used cars to parks. Consequently, most environmentalists have called for raised taxations on car and air travels so as to reflect their environmental costs (National Park Service, 1990). Finland has taxes on none-returnable beverage containers to promote the consumption of returnable parks in attem pts to eliminate the level of such parks left as litters. Landfill taxes apply charges on waste management firms that utilise landfill areas for burying solid waste. Some governments may give grants for people who wish to buy electric cars to reduce carbon pollution. There are projects underway to reduce the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. These include the planned â€Å"planting of forests to capture carbon naturally as well as the artificial capture of carbon and its storage in underground reservoirs† (Mules, 2001).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Deposit-refund schemes work by encouraging consumers to return containers from the vendors or dispose them in a manner favourable to the environment. Customers who return their containers get their deposits. This scheme is effective in the local outlets and can work well on a national scale if well implemented (Gee, 1997). In order to reduce pollution, some countries have introduced charges on products and services they offer the public. These include car parking charges to encourage usage of â€Å"public vehicles, road pricing for motorway usages in some EU countries such as France and Spain† (Priestley, Edwards and Coccossis, 1996). Market approaches to sustainability in developing tourism destinations have been effective in EU zones. Still, the idea to provide subsidies for environmental friendly products such as vehicles is gaining recognition among tourism stakeholders. However, most consumers do not favour the idea of price increases. Tribe notes that soft tools are â⠂¬Å"voluntary by nature and attempt to change behaviours sometimes through improved information, advice, persuasion and sometimes by forming specific networks† (Tribe, 2005). Tourism eco-labelling approach to sustainability focuses on tourists. Leisure and tourism consumers themselves have the ability to transform the consequences of products they consume on the environmental and switch to products with minimal environmental effects. This approach aims at giving the users the â€Å"additional environmental information to enable them make informed decisions in their buying patterns† (Cater and Lowman, 1994). There are also certification and award schemes to enhance sustainability in tourism destination. They authenticate and provide endorsement to environmental attributions made by firms and offer marks such as the Blue Flag that a consumer can recognise (Becken and Hay, 2007). The Blue Flag goes to beaches that have acquired recognisable levels for water quality and fac ilities, safety, environmental education and management. This is also an environmental marketing device for tourists who are environmental conscious. The scheme attempts to offer opportunities for beach local stakeholders to increase their environmental concerns (Coccossis and Nijkamp, 1995). Many organisations such as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) and the Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe (FNNPE) have produced guidelines and treaties for environmental management and sustainability (FNNPE, 1993). Citizenship, education and advertising can also enhance sustainability when individuals act in the role of consumers or workers or opinion makers (Cooper, Fletcher, Gilbert and Wanhill, 2008). Consumers need information to enable them purchase green products and contribute towards environmental sustainability. Thus, the focus should be on an environmental education as a way of creating awareness among consumers and encourage others to adopt favourable products in envir onmental conservation and sustainability (Gratton and Kokolakakis, 2003). Tribe notes â€Å"voluntary schemes exist to allow consumers mitigate the impacts of any environmental damages they may cause† (Tribe, 2005). The most common is carbon offset schemes in airline to passengers (McNeill, 1997). Ecotourism as a form of tourism stresses the sound ecological principles (UNEPTIE, 2007). Thus, ecotourism attempts to minimise negative impacts on the environment, create environmental and cultural awareness, offer financial services to empower host communities, and raise sensitive issues of concern to host communities (Saarinen, 2006). Therefore, promoting ecotourism is a form of minimising negative external impacts of tourism and maximising the positive external impacts of tourism. However, industry observers note â€Å"ecotourism will always remain a minor form of tourism† (Mowforth and Munt, 2009). Consequently, it is not the main approach for achieving sustainable touri sm. Soft tools rarely achieve their desired effects as such approaches depend on the willingness of participants for effectiveness. However, soft tools are the best approaches for enhancing sustainability of tourism destinations. Getz, Crouch, and Ritchie share the idea that tourism planners have recognised the need for creating common goals in tourism planning (Getz, 1995; Crouch and Ritchie, 1999). However, the problem is that there are no empirical studies to support common goals, or what factors are essential in creating shared goals in developing sustainable tourism destinations to cater for various needs of stakeholders. To this end, most tourism organisations have no concrete industry standards as these depend on a given country’s tourism policies. Thus, creating common goals for sustainability in the tourism sector will remain a challenge. Therefore, organisations should strive to create a solid tourism industry shared goals common among all stakeholders (Burns and Ho lden, 1995). These goals must come from common publications, stakeholders’ opinions, and academic journals among others. We have to recognise that the industry can create sustainable tourism destinations based on competitive interests and shared resources affected by same factors (Butler, 2006). This will ensure that stakeholders have motivation to achieve a common and collective goal. However, these shared goals cannot remain constant as the industry experiences growth (Hall and Lew, 1998). Thus, continuous research, studies and development are necessary to reflect the changing trends in the industry such environmental concerns, infrastructures, and marketing principles. This approach will ensure that the industry has a sense of direction supported by strategies and practical and achievable goals. Medeiros and Bramwell noted that countries such as Brazil have attempted to implement shared vision but with minimal outcomes due to uncertainty in the industry (Medeiros and Bramw ell, 2002). The challenge has been to get information where stakeholders need it for developing sustainable tourism policies. Thus, the industry must enhance information flow among its small stakeholders. This must also apply to feedback. However, generating useful information for the industry means continuous learning due to the dynamic nature of tourism. Application of information systems can assist in reflecting, evaluating, delivering, processing, and improving information flow in the tourism industry for sustainability destinations. Most stakeholders blame poor research cultures in the tourism industry as a basis for lack of sustainability in developing tourism destinations. This is responsible for the rift in utilisation of the available research findings. De Lacy and Boyd note that there are considerable efforts in Australia to reduce such barriers through â€Å"the use of the Australian Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) model for cross-sectoral research collaboration to enh ance the sustainability of tourism† (De Lacy and Boyd, 2000). The approach aims at highlighting the importance of the industry collaboration to enhance the effectiveness and benefits of research findings through technology transfers, usages and commercialisation. Organisations have relationships that exist among them. These can be in forms of partnerships, co-operation, co-ordination, and collaboration. Researchers have concentrated on these areas so as to eliminate problems that have affected tourism development for decades. Jamal and Getz concur that enhancing the industry identity and common goals can enhance co-operation among the main players as these stakeholders recognise the need to work as a team (Jamal and Getz, 1995). However, the challenge is that no major studies exist to prove the importance of co-operation to tourism destination development. Still, a closer look at the relationship that exists in the industry reveals that real sustainability in the tourism indus try can only become reality if there is co-operation. Occasionally, some problems result due to lack of information. Therefore, co-operation will minimise incidences of miscommunication and difficulties due to lack of collaboration among the industry stakeholders (Inskeep, 1997). This approach to sustainability is not effective due to challenges related to accessing information in a timely fashion. One of the aims of ecotourism is the need for cultural exchange among the stakeholders. There is a need for mutual acceptance and accommodation of different cultural belief, and world views to enhance development of sustainability in tourism destinations (Davidson and Maitland, 1997). It is necessary that stakeholders of diverse views and beliefs promote dialogue and exchanges in tourism destinations, acceptance of the locals, conservation of the cultural diversity, and eradicate negative impacts of tourism. We can use Senge’s system thinking to promote a common language that helps stakeholders who have differences in belief systems (Senge, 1990). The industry covers almost all cultures of the global. Thus, cultural exchange has limitations in relations to accommodation, acceptance, diversity, and eradication of negative stereotypes. Sustainability of tourism destinations needs consultative approach on decision-making processes. The processes must involve all stakeholders including host communities. Sharman noted some issues that influenced participation of stakeholders in planning as poor representation, low participation and poor outcomes of the process among the participants (Sharman, 1999). Power issues influenced the outcomes of all consultative processes. The industry can develop models which aim at creating power balance for accommodation of different point of views (Douglas and Butler, 2001). This approach helps in facilitating understanding, strategic planning and increasing stakeholders’ participation. The uncertainty surrounding the future o f tourism industry impacts decision-making process. Stakeholders are not willing to engage in long-term decisions without knowing their consequences. Participants should base their decisions on sound policies and welcome open discussions so that they can identity issues of common concerns and provide alternatives or solutions (Jamieson, 2001). It is difficult for the tourism industry to have a single body to coordinate all decision-making processes that fit all the tourism destinations of the world. Tourism decisions depend on national policies regulating the industry. The concept of adaptive management can help in improving sustainability of tourism destinations. Adaptive approaches can help the industry tackle emerging challenges that hamper growth (Knowles and Egan, 2000). Adaptive management enables the industry reacts to changes in a timely fashion. The idea of adaptive management finds support in studies and ideas of Reeds (Reed, 2000). Adaptive management requires continuous studies, testing and developing adaptive models (Eaton, 1996). Adaptive management has been effective in enhance management of the tourism industry. Given the reviewed literature, this research supports the view that despite the existence of many initiatives, sustainable tourism practices have not spread across the industry because the stakeholders of tourism are still divided on how to improve the sustainability of tourist destinations. These initiatives exist, but tourism has diverse components that vary from country to country. Thus, putting these together to enhance sustainability of the environment has remained a challenge across the industry. Approaches to tourism destination sustainability such as regulations, market approaches, and soft tools may not work in every tourism situation. Still, attempts at developing sustainability of tourism destinations may not achieve the desired outcome due to minimal participation in processes such as sharing information, goals, co-operation and co-ordination, cultural exchanges, consultative decision-making and planning, and adaptive management. Reference List Becken, S and Hay, J 2007, Tourism and climate change: Risks and opportunities, Multilingual Matters Ltd, Bristol. Burns, P and Holden, A 1995, Tourism: A new perspective, Prentice-Hall, Hemel Hempstead. Butler, R 2006, The Tourism Area Life Cycle: Volume 2: Conceptual and theoretical issues, Channel View Publications, Clevedon. Cater, E and Lowman, G 1994, Ecotourism: A sustainable option. Wiley, Chichester. Coccossis, H and Nijkamp, P 1995, Sustainable tourism development, Ashgate, London. Cohen, E 2002, ‘Authenticity, equity and sustainability in tourism’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 267-276. Cooper, C, Fletcher, J, Gilbert, D and Wanhill, S 2008, Tourism: principles practice, 4th ed, Longman, Harlow. Crouch, G and Ritchie, J 1999, ‘Tourism, competitiveness, and societal prosperity’, Journal of Business Resea rch, vol. 44, pp. 137–152. Curtis, I 2002, ‘Environmentally sustainable tourism: A case for carbon trading at Northern Queensland hotels and resorts’, Australian Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 9, no.1, pp. 27–36. Davidson, R and Maitland, R 1997, Tourism destinations, Hodder and Stoughton, London. De Lacy, T and Boyd, M 2000, An Australian research partnership between industry, universities and government: The Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK. Deloitte and Oxford Economics 2010, The economic contribution of the visitor economy: UK and the nations, Visit Britain, London. Douglas, P and Richard B 2001, Contemporary Issues in Tourism Development, Routledge, London. Eaton, B 1996, European leisure business: Strategies for the future, Elm Publications, Cambridge. FNNPE 1993, Loving them to death? FNNPE, Grafenau, Germany. Gee, C 1997, International tourism: A global perspective, World Touris m Organisation, Madrid. Getz, D 1995, ‘Collaboration Theory and community tourism planning’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 186–204. Gratton, C and Kokolakakis, T 2003, ‘A bright future’, Leisure Management, vol. 14, no. 9, pp. 38–40. Hall, C and Lew, A 1998, Sustainable Tourism: A geographical perspective, Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow. Inskeep, E 1997, Tourism planning, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Jamal, T and Getz, D 1995, ‘Collaboration Theory and community tourism planning’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 22, no.1, pp. 186–204. Jamieson, W 2001, Promotion of investment in tourism infrastructure, UN ESCAP, New York. Knowles, T and Egan, D 2000, ‘Recession and its implications for the international hotel industry’, Travel and Tourism Analyst, vol. 6, pp. 59–76. Liu, Z 2003, ‘Sustainable tourism development: a critique’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 459-475. McNeill, L 1997, Travel in the digital age, Bowerdean Publishing, Chichester. Medeiros de Araujo, L and Bramwell, B 2002, ‘Partnership and regional tourism in Brazil’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 1138–1164. Middleton, V and Hawkins, R 1998, Sustainable tourism: A marketing perspective, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. Mowforth, M and Munt, I 2009, Tourism and Sustainability Development, globalisation and new tourism in the Third World, Routledge, London. Mules, T 2001, Globalization and the economic impacts of tourism, Continuum, London. National Park Service 1990, Economic impacts of protecting rivers, trails, and greenway corridors: A resource book, US Department of the Interior National Park Service, Washington. OECD 2001, Cities and regions in the new learning economy, OECD, Paris. Priestley, G, Edwards, J and Coccossis, H 1996, Sustainable tourism? European experiences, CAB International, Wallingford. Reed, M 2000, Collabor ative tourism planning as adaptive experiments in emergent tourism settings, Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK. Saarinen, J 2006, ‘Traditions of Sustainability in Tourism Studies’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 1121-1140. Senge, P 1990, The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization, Currency Doubleday, New York. Sharman, A 1999, ‘Collaboration in local tourism policy making’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 392–415. Swarbrooke, J 1999, Sustainable Tourism Management, CABI Publishing, Oxford. Tribe, J 2005, The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, 4th ed, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford. UNEPTIE 2007, Sustainable Development of Tourism, http://www.uneptie.org/scp/ UNWTO 1995, Lanzarote Charter for Sustainable Tourism, http://www.world-tourism.org/ This essay on Sustainable Tourism Development was written and submitted by user Elisabeth Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hunger games project Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays

Hunger games project Essays - English-language Films, Free Essays Dear Journal, Today is the day of the reaping, where we all come together to chose two victims for the Capitols annual Hunger Games. My name is the only one in the bowl so it will be chosen. Living in district twelve is hard. We are the lowest in the class system. The food is scarce, and I am the one who has to provide for my family. I cant help thinking about how the hunger games were created. There was a war that broke out, and the capitol won. As punishment, they make the districts send in two tributes to fight to the death. To the people in the capitol this is just a game, but to the districts it real. Although, the wealthy districts train for this day and see it as a chance to show their power, the lower classes are forced to sacrifice a boy and girl who can barely survive their normal life. I had no choice but to compete in the hunger games for the second time. Even though I am afraid, I will have to be brave and try to win. I keep thinking about how my family wont be able to survive while I am gone. Even though I have asked Gale to look out for Prim and my mother, I am scared they wont be able to make it if I die in the games. After the reaping, I was whisked away to the Capitol on a train. Being here reminds me how the upper wealthy class lives. They have everything they could ever need or want. This makes me feel angry towards them, even though it is not their fault, but people in my district are starving and would give anything to have just one good meal here in the Capitol. I just wish there was some way to change this, so that everybody in Panem would have enough like the capitol and the wealthy districts. Thats all for today, Katniss Everdeen

WWII Death Marches From Concentration Camps

WWII Death Marches From Concentration Camps Late in the war, the tide had turned against the Germans. The Soviet Red Army was reclaiming territory as they pushed the Germans back. As the Red Army was heading for Poland, the Nazis needed to hide their crimes. Mass graves were dug up and the bodies burned. The camps were evacuated. Documents destroyed. The prisoners that were taken from the camps were sent on what became known as Death Marches (Todesmrsche). Some of these groups were marched hundreds of miles. The prisoners were given little to no food and little to no shelter. Any prisoner who lagged behind or who tried to escape was shot. Evacuation By July 1944, Soviet troops had reached the border of Poland. Although the Nazis had attempted to destroy evidence, in Majdanek (a concentration and extermination camp just outside of Lublin on the Polish border), the Soviet Army captured the camp nearly intact. Almost immediately, a Polish-Soviet Nazi Crimes Investigation Commission was established. The Red Army continued to move through Poland. The Nazis started to evacuate and destroy their concentration camps from east to west. The first major death march was the evacuation of approximately 3,600 prisoners from a camp on Gesia Street in Warsaw (a satellite of the Majdanek camp). These prisoners were forced to march over 80 miles in order to reach Kutno. About 2,600 survived to see Kutno. The prisoners that were still alive were packed onto trains, where several hundred more died. Out of the 3,600 original marchers, less than 2,000 reached Dachau 12 days later.1 On the Road When the prisoners were evacuated they werent told where they were going. Many wondered whether they going out to a field to be shot? Would it be better to try to escape now? How far would they be marching? The SS organized the prisoners into rows usually five across and into a large column. The guards were on the outside of the long column, with some in the lead, some on the sides, and a few in the rear. The column was forced to march - often at a run. For prisoners who were already starved, weak, and ill, the march was an incredible burden. An hour would go by. They kept on marching. Another hour would go by. The marching continued. As some prisoners could no longer march, they would fall behind. The SS guards in the rear of the column would shoot anyone who stopped to rest or collapsed. Elie Wiesel Recounts I was putting one foot in front of the other mechanically. I was dragging with me this skeletal body which weighed so much. If only I could have got rid of it! In spite of my efforts not to think about it, I could feel myself as two entities - my body and me. I hated it. (Elie Wiesel) The marches took prisoners on back roads and through towns. Isabella Leitner Remembers I have a curious, unreal feeling. One of almost being part of the grayish dusk of the town. But again, of course, you will not find a single German who lived in Prauschnitz who ever saw a single one of us. Still, we were there, hungry, in rags, our eyes screaming for food. And no one heard us. We ate the smell of smoked meats reaching our nostrils, blowing our way from the various shops. Please, our eyes screamed, give us the bone your dog has finished gnawing. Help us live. You wear coats and gloves just like human beings do. Arent you human beings? What is underneath your coats? (Isabella Leitner) Surviving the Holocaust Many of the evacuations occurred during the winter. From Auschwitz, 66,000 prisoners were evacuated on January 18, 1945. At the end of January 1945, 45,000 prisoners were evacuated from Stutthof and its satellite camps. In the cold and snow, these prisoners were forced to march. In some cases, the prisoners marched for a long duration and were then loaded onto trains or boats. Elie Wiesel, Holocaust Survivor We were given no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days were like nights, and the nights left the dregs of their darkness in our souls. The train was traveling slowly, often stopping for several hours and then setting off again. It never ceased snowing. All through these days and nights we stayed crouching, one on top of the other, never speaking a word. We were no more than frozen bodies. Our eyes closed, we waited merely for the next stop, so that we could unload our dead. (Elie Wiesel)

Biography of John F. Kennedy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biography of John F. Kennedy - Research Paper Example Kennedy was a faithful and strong friend of labor. He served in labor committee from 1947 to 1952, six years in the House of Representatives. He also worked as the member of Joint Committee on Labor-Management Relations in 1949 (Manchester, n.d.). Later he joined U.S. Senate in 1952 and promoted foreign affairs, civil rights, progressive taxation, regulation of business and social welfare legislation. Kennedy remained the member of labor committees during his entire political career and presented much major legislation related to labor. He combated against the Taft Hartley Bill in this period. After taking this seat, he served in the Labor and Public Welfare Committee, the Government Operations Committee, the Select committee on Labor-Management Relations, the Foreign Relations Committee and the Joint Economic Committee. At that time many issues of unions aroused in factories. He was well-known in dealing with traditional and common democratic issues including trade union matters and foreign policy matters. Kennedy presented The Kennedy-Douglas-Ives Bill (1957) which entailed the whole details about the pension of every employee and the welfare funds (Manchester, n.d.). Kennedy gave a bill in 1958 which was the first main labor relations bill that got so much importance after the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. This bill did not include the Taft Hartley amendments as proposed by the President. It was basically about controlling union abuses uncovered by the McClellan committee. It was later on rejected by the House. Kennedy introduced a minimum wage bill in 1959. It was basically the same bill presented in 1958 with few amendments regarding the financial and misconduct of union officials.

African Masks in Pablo Picasso's Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

African Masks in Pablo Picasso's Art - Essay Example The paper "African Masks in Pablo Picasso's Art" explores the role of African art in Pablo Picasso's art and in the culture of the whole world. The history of African masks dates back to before the Paleolithic era. A major feature used by the Africans to represent culture was through the use of masks in ceremonies, feasts and rituals. Furthermore, the traditional African masks exemplified heroes, ancestors, spirits, codes of conduct and animals. Usually, the raw materials used to make the masks include wood, pottery, textile, bronze and copper. The substitute details in the masks would be made using sea shells, egg shells, animal feathers, horns, hair and bones. Because of the belief that the masks represented the spirits, the makers were regarded as superiors in the village. Also, the art and talent of making masks was believed to be passed in the family hence was considered a part of inheritance. On the other hand, the history of African art by Pablo Picasso dates back to the 19th century during the colonization of Africa especially the North and West coasts by France. The scramble and partition of Africa prompted the expeditions and the travels of West elites in search of riches and adventures which resulted to the promotion African art. After painting Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, Picasso’s paintings were influenced by the two figures on the right side which basically were based on African art. Most of the African arts at that time were being interpreted to be signs of slavery, cannibalism, and mistreatment.

Red Cross A Nonprofit Organization

Red Cross A Nonprofit Organization The international Red Cross is a non-profit organization which is known for its emergency based planning, controlling, and management. As the organization is not selling any product or service for profits, it has to manage budgeting comprehensively in a way to handle crisis and emergency based situations like Hurricane Sandy. (Allen, 2011) Current events around the world have more dynamic effect on nonprofit organizations. For instance Red Cross is an international organization of disaster management. It has to reach areas where there is problem. As Alan (2011) has mentioned that today disaster managing nonprofit organizations have to be more active and dynamic. Sometimes they have to manage one disaster in Taiwan, and the other one in America. Some other projects in Africa and other non-developed geographies remain active throughout the year. Effect of Hurricane Sandy on Red Cross Red Cross has directly dealt with Hurricane Sandy in the year 2012. Red Cross came active by announcing 4,000 workers for the disaster of the hurricane. They worked in damaged and destroyed areas with thousands of volunteers. NY Times (2012) mentioned Red Cross as the most active nonprofit organization working for the development of the regions after the Hurricane Sandy. Red Cross not only sent disaster workers for disaster management, but they also managed to collect around $23 million for this particular hurricane. The following report will discuss different aspects of Red Cross related to planning, programming, budgeting, performance measurement and management control. Management of Red Cross Red Cross has properly developed itself as an organization with effective strategy of change management in order to be effective in their disaster management works all over the world. On what we do of the website of www.redcross.org, it can be seen that the organization seems to follow decentralized organizational structure with their international offices and branches all over the world. For the Hurricane Sandy program, Red Cross (2012) initiated work right after the threats of the hurricane were made public by different authorities. The organization started with the planning phase so as to deal with it successfully. Planning Planning is not same in profit oriented and nonprofit oriented organizations. Peters and Pierre (2012) have mentioned that strategic planning of profit oriented organization is based on higher sales, market growth, higher target market, revenues and hence net income. They said that strategic planning of nonprofit organization is based on higher benefits of the society. Red Cross has similar kind of planning in which they care for society, particularly against sudden disasters like Hurricane Sandy, Red Cross plans in accordance with mission and vision of their organization. The mission and principle of Red Cross is to serve humanity whenever it is in trouble. Red Cross cannot take a project or a program when it is not related to their program. Red Cross cannot help brokers who are in financial trouble because of the current recession in America, as it is not according to their mission and vision. According to the website of Red Cross, the organization plans in accordance with disaster and constant hunger and poverty. The planning is done on need bases. For example when Hurricane Sandy was predicted, Red Cross put all their efforts and American resources to work for the people he could be affected by the hurricane. Programming Bryson (2011) has done extensive research on public and nonprofit organizations in their planning and programming deals. He said that nonprofit organizations plan and program with their mission and vision. They cannot program against their values. Strategic planning and programming should also be in accordance with each other. Upper management and board will give directions and approval of different programs. Conduct of planning and programming with team based activities. Potential clients are involved in planning and initial programming so that contacts can be developed for fundraising and donations. Programming in Red Cross is according to the studies of Bryson (2011). They plan and work within their defined domains. In Hurricane Sandy Program by Red Cross (2012), it can be seen that Red Cross had planned for it before the problem actually started. The potential disaster was approved by the board because it was according to their mission and vision. Programming has its value all over the world in both profit and nonprofit oriented organizations. It is a way of management in all the aspects of an organization. Budgeting Finance of Red Cross is dependent on fundraising and donations by public and private sector. Majority of nonprofit organizations working for wellbeing of humanity are based on donations for the fulfillment of financial needs. Red Cross (2012) was able to generate $23 million through celebrities for the disaster management of Hurricane Sandy. Budgeting for nonprofit organizations involved in humanitarian and disaster management works can raise financial resources based on needs. For example when Hurricane Sandy hit America, people started to donate more than usual to Red Cross. Similarly other organizations of disaster management have more opportunity to raise financial resources. (Weerawardenaa, McDonaldb, Mort, 2010) Weerawardenaa, McDonaldb and Mort (2010) have further said that the nonprofit organizations which have proved to be effective and efficient in social works are more potential to generate financial resources. In current financial scenario of America, the whole country is in financial crisis because of higher inflation rate, higher unemployment and low business opportunities. Such current scenarios have restricted some of the financial resources for the nonprofit organizations. According to Vermeer, Raghunandan and Forgione (2009) nonprofit organizations have a comprehensive share in the economy of America even today. Some corruption and scandal issues have created problem for nonprofit industry, but still it has a unique influence. For example, when it comes to natural disasters, people do contact organizations which are pro towards volunteers work. Organizations which have made their name are trusted more by people. Performance measurement and management control Red Cross has developed performance measurement strategy to evaluate their performance. In July 2004, they launched the chapter of Performance Standards. On page of Red Cross (http://www.redcross.org.au/strategy-2015.aspx), the organization has mentioned their Strategy 2015 where performance measurement and control management has been focused. Achievement of goals has been made compulsory in Red Cross where organization has to follow them. Performance will be measured by managers so as to improve and take corrective actions. Performance will be accountable to stakeholders at the organizational level. Past and current organizational renewal projects will also be analyzed for better future programs. Training and development will be part of the programs. (RedCross, Working as One Strategy 2015, 2013) Ridder and McCandless (2010) have focused on human resource management of nonprofit organizations like Red Cross. The authors have agreed that none of the nonprofit organization can ignore the importance of human resource management in their programs. They need to offer proper hiring, training, developmental, compensation, and performance management program. Human resource management plays a strategic role in an organization which cannot be ignored. Evaluation of different programs should be done when a certain phase or the whole program is finished. For example, Red Cross should have complete evaluation and reporting of Hurricane Sandy project. It will help them to know their weaknesses and strengths. The evaluation will help them to take corrective actions in future and to make themselves better. Human resource management should be focused in areas like personnel costs, salaries, training, space, travel, development, hierarchy, structure, etc. They should be effective when assigning employees and volunteers for different programs. For example, for Hurricane Sandy program, they can only assign those volunteers who have high stamina and more will power to fight against natural disasters. Management in nonprofit organization Management of nonprofit organization needs same importance as in profit oriented organization. Finance, accounting, human resource management, strategic management, planning, control, training and development, performance management, evaluation, corrective actions and all other business and managerial practices have similar kind of importance and influence on nonprofit organizations in the modern times today. Management of all kinds should be given proper space and focus in nonprofit organizations. A research showed that out of 229 nonprofit organizations based on charities (like Red Cross), it was seen that higher nonprofit organizations which worked in accordance with modern business practices, technology and business strategies were able to generate higher results. It was also seen that such organizations with successful planning and implementation of different programs were focused on strategic human resource management. (Guo, Brown, Ashcraft, Yoshioka, Dong, 2011) Red Cross and Hurricane Sandy On Hurricane Sandy Program, Red Cross had published reports and online material through which they have proved their struggle against the natural disaster. With planning and organizing of Red Cross, the organization was able to provide 1400 evacuation centers for around 450,000 evacuees. More than 68 million meals were provided to the affected people. 1.4 million families were helped in basic needs of food, groceries, clothing, etc. (RedCross, Hurricane Recovery Program, 2012) Red Cross has one positive image of showing team work and idea of being together to the society. This is a marketing tactic as well used by various profit oriented organizations to show being together approach. For example Nokia connecting people is a way of the company to show integration in the market and society. Similarly Red Cross has shown an image of being together with victims of Hurricane Sandy. They stood up with the people and helped them in achieving back their regular lives. Emotional behavior is another tactic used by firms through advertising to attract target market. Red Cross used emotional behavior as well to attract donations and financial resources for managing their Hurricane Sandy program. They were so much effective in their emotional approach and marketing that around 200,000 individuals were ready to participate voluntarily for Hurricane Sandy program. Hurricane Sandy program of Red Cross was a successful as it provided around $110 million assistance to the victims. The management of Red Cross proved to be successful in this fight against the disaster. (RedCross, Hurricane Recovery Program, 2012) Current management control in nonprofit organization Modern and current management control in profit and nonprofit organization has shifted a lot. As Red Cross is working in situation where there can be risk and sudden management control requirements, actions has to be taken accordingly. Power (2011) has mentioned risk management for situations in which current organizations have to fell into sudden dynamic external environment changes. Current management control in modern world is associated with information technology as well. To keep updated with external environment, risk management and modern aspects of business, management control of different organizations have to stay active with information technology in current world. Information technology not only helps organization to be efficient within the organization, but also in the external world, industry and the international market. (Li, Peters, Richardson, Watson, 2012) In the modern business world of profit and nonprofit organizations, performance management is another important aspect which is associated with risk management and information technology. Current management is not in the typical or classical way of old days in which number of production of a labor was seen or calculated. Today organizations see their employees as individual personnel as well as team/group mates. Performance of individual is measurement today in both tangible and intangible forms. Behavior, ethics, way of communication, work itself, production, team work, and other related aspects are part of performance measurement and management. Such modern practices of management control have changed management practices completely. (Dyck Neubert, 2008) Current events that have shaped and changed management control and performance management practices are international business expansion, turning of world into global village, globalization, whole world into financial crisis, dependence of different industries on each other, etc. All these events are related with each other today. Today the world is interrelated more with each other. If there will a Tsunami in any part of the world, thousands of international companies and NGOs will join hands together to save humanity. Conclusion For all the programs in a nonprofit organization, like Red Cross, it starts with planning. Planning is crucial for both profit oriented and nonprofit oriented organizations. Red Cross was aware that Hurricane Sandy is coming and its aftermaths can be seriously disastrous for a lot of families. The organization started planning right from the beginning with their program initiatives and marketing strategies to generate donations and charities. Program of Hurricane Sandy was properly defined with goals and mission. Thousands of volunteers were registered and were given training to assist the affected societies. Donations were spent on victims and corrective actions were taken during and after the program so as to be more effective in future programs. Budgeting was done by the organization by donations. $110 were gathered and spent on different subprograms under Hurricane Sandy program. Performance measurement programs were also taken by the managerial teams so that it can be shown to the stakeholders and corrective actions can be taken in future programs. It is important to see the managerial similarities between profit oriented and nonprofit oriented organizations. There is a lot of different in selling, revenue generation, target marketing, etc; but internally there is almost similar kind of management, decision making, planning, hiring, training and development, performance measurement, and evaluation. A nonprofit organization has also a mission and vision statement which guides them for their ventures and programs. Red Cross has a mission to serve humanity which was in accordance with Hurricane Sandy, and hence they took active part. Managerial aspects of nonprofit organizations vary a little from other organizations but it is not alien with traditional organizations.

Why Is Media Effects Important

16 CHAPTER 1 paradigm† (Gitlin, 1978), more powerful, yet subtle effects, such as social control, manufacturing of consent, and reluctance to challenge the status quo, are unable to be studied; so they are ignored. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO STUDY MEDIA EFFECTS With all these questions about the existence and substance of media effects, why is it important to continue to study them? Students in introductory mass communication courses are often reminded that mass communication is functional in society (Wright, 1986) and an important field of study because of its role as a major societal institution.Mass communication is an important economic force in the United States. In 1993, the entertainment industry alone (movies, music, cable television, and home video) brought an estimated $50 billion into the U. S. economy. Network television advertising added an additional $30 billion (Warner, 1993). Mass communication is also an important political force, acting as a watchdog over official actions and as the platform for political information and activity. The Watergate scandal, for example, was brought to light by the Washington Post and the Pentagon papers were first published by the New York Times.Political campaigns are now built around television. In 1992, the Republicans spent two-thirds of their budget on television advertisements for George Bush. Talk shows and news program coverage are crucial to campaigns. Our political leaders contact the public primarily through the mass media—press conferences, political talks. Ronald Reagan noticed that there was little political news that was made during the weekends, so he (an old radio announcer, himself) began to make radio addresses about various issues on Saturday mornings.These addresses got so much news coverage (Martin, 1984), in part because there was so little else happening, that Saturday morning radio talks are a current presidential practice. At the same time, mass media are a major source of entert ainment and the main source for news for most people. In 1995, a majority of people in the United States turned to media for news: 70. 3% were regular viewers of local television news, 67. 3% were regular viewers of network television news, and 59. 3% read a daily newspaper. In INTRODUCTION 17 addition, 48. % listened regularly to radio news and 31. 4% read a news magazine regularly (Stempel & Hargrove, 1996). Beyond the importance of mass communication in society, there are two main reasons for continuing to study media effects. The first reason is theoretical. Although most scholars acknowledge that mass media effects can occur, we still don’t know the magnitude and inevitability of the effects. That is, we don’t know how powerful the media are among the range of other forces in society. And, we don’t know all the conditions that enhance or mitigate various effects.Most importantly, we don’t understand all the processes by which mass communication can l ead to various effects. Research in media effects must continue to add to our knowledge. A second reason for studying media effects is practical and policy oriented. If we can elaborate the conditions and understand the various processes of media effects—how media effects occur—we can use that knowledge. At a practical level, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to create effective messages to achieve political, advertising, and public relations-oriented goals.Additionally, agencies will be able to formulate media campaigns to promote prosocial aims and benefit society as a whole. That is, understanding the processes of media effects will allow media practitioners to increase the likelihood of prosocial media effects. Most importantly, understanding how media effects occur will give parents, educators, and public officials other tools to fight negative media effects. If we understand the processes of media effects, we will also un derstand how to mitigate negative effects.No longer will changing or restricting media content be the only methods to stop media effects. We will be able to mitigate negative media effects by also targeting aspects of the process of impact. WAYS TO CONCEPTUALIZE MEDIA EFFECTS: DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA EFFECTS Over the years, scholars have suggested that it is useful to analyze media effects along specific dimensions (Anderson & Meyer, 1988; Chaffee, 1977; McGuire, 1986; J. M. McLeod, Kosicki, & Pan, 1991; J. M. McLeod & Reeves, 1980; Roberts & Maccoby, 1985).Some of the dimensions delineate the type of effect; other dimensions elaborate the conditions of media impact. 18 CHAPTER 1 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Dimension Media effects are commonly described along a cognitive-affectivebehavioral dimension, which marks a distinction between acquisition of knowledge about an action and performance of the action. Mass communication scholars have been greatly influenced by persuasion models t hat see human action as logical and driven by cognition (e. g. , McGuire, 1985).This dimension is important in keeping scholars from assuming that knowledge and attitudes translate directly into action. Persuasion research during World War II, for example, found that although media content may be quite effective at teaching information, it had less influence on attitude formation and motivation to act (Hovland, Lumsdaine, & Sheffield, 1949). The Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) posits that, although knowledge and attitudes have some impact on behavior, their influence is mediated (or eliminated) by social constraints.Micro- Versus Macrolevel Another dimension that describes the type of effect is one that focuses on the level of media influence: micro- versus macrolevel. Most concern about media effects focuses on impressionable audiences and has been grounded in psychological approaches. So, there is a wealth of research on media effects at the individual, or micro level. It is a fallacy, however, to assume that all media effects are accumulations of individual-level effects.Scholars recognize that a focus solely on individual-level media effects can obscure more subtle societal-level effects. Research on the effects of Sesame Street, for example, showed that children of all socioecomic status (SES) classes learned from the program. But, that learning led to another, unintended effect: a widening gap in knowledge between higher and lower SES groups. Although all children learned from the program, children from higher SES families learned at a faster rate (Cook et al. , 1975).So, individual knowledge gain may lead to greater inequities in society. Another area in which an accumulation of individual-level effects might conceal more macrolevel effects is news learning. Although many researchers have uncovered various media-related influences on public-affairs knowledge (e. g. , J. P. Robinson & Levy, 1986, 1996), these studies cannot assess the c ompleteness, accuracy, or objectivity of media’s presentations about public affairs. Several scholars argue that larger influences on news gathering and reporting may make INTRODUCTION 19 ndividual-level knowledge effects inconsequential because news sources and practices present only limited public affairs information to the public (e. g. , Gitlin, 1980; Herman & Chomsky, 1988; Tuchman, 1978). So, knowledge gain by individuals may not necessarily be functional for society. Several important effects of mass media maybe at the societal, institutional, or cultural level. Over the years, for example, the expanding telecommunications revolution has changed, and no doubt will continue to affect how political campaigns and the workings of govern-ment are conducted.Clearly, scholars need to consider various levels of media impact. Intentional Versus Unintentional Another dimension of media effects directs scholars to consider whether the effects are intended versus unintended planned for or accidental. Although this dimension is a descriptive one, it also offers some insights in the processes of media impact. For example, the development of knowledge gaps between high and lower SES children who watched Sesame Street is generally considered an unintended effect of the flow of media information. So, cholars and media policymakers study ways to close accidental knowledge gaps by increasing access to a variety of sources of information, by making information more relevant to lower SES groups, or by increasing the motivation of lower SES audience members to seek additional information. The identification of these knowledge-gap effects as accidental, then, has led scholars to focus on how knowledge is carried by the mass media, how audiences access that knowledge, and how people use media-delivered information. Another example of the relevance of the intended versus unintended dimension is one effect of television violence.The cultivation hypothesis suggests that one, often overlooked, effect of television violence is that it affects social perceptions of heavy viewers and leads those groups who are victimized in television drama to feel fearful, alienated from society, and distrusting of others (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner et al. , 1994). If scholars believe that these effects are unintentional due to the conventions of television drama production, they might advocate certain remedies to help mitigate these effects, such as television program ratings to help fearful people avoid certain programs or to help parents screen what their children watch.If, on the other 20 CHAPTER 1 hand, scholars believe that cultivation is an intentional effect designed to reinforce the existing power structure in society by structuring reality for women and minorities so that they avoid involvement in political affairs, possible solutions would be quite different. Those scholars (at the very least) would be less trusting of television program ratings af fixed by television producers and probably not advocate that sort of solution to cultivation effects. Studying unintended effects can be a way of increasing media effectiveness.Dramatic story lines in soap operas and telenovelas have been found to not only captivate their audiences but bring about knowledge gain and some prosocial attitudinal effects (e. g. , Singhal & Rogers, 1989). So this dimension of media effects directs scholars to search for a range of effects, beyond those planned for the media producers. Content-Dependent Versus Content-Irrelevant The content-dependent versus a content- irrelevant distinction reflects the impact of specific classes of media content as opposed to the impact of media use itself.The most visible media effects research has focused on the effects of specific media content, such as stereotypes, violence, and pornography. This research assumes that specific content is linked to specific effects. As J. M. McLeod and Reeves (1980) paraphrase the nut ritional analogy, â€Å"We are what we eat†: We are what we watch. So, one way to reduce aggressive behavior in children would be to reduce the amount of violent media content that they read or watch.Or, one way to reduce sexual aggression against women would be to reduce access to media content that depicts violence against women. Although there is a good deal of evidence of the effects of specific media content, scholars should also be aware that some effects are due less to specific media content, and more to the form of the content or the act of media use. Displacement effects are a commonly identified content-irrelevant effect. Lazarsfeld and Merton (1948) suggested that political involvement could suffer if people become politically â€Å"narcotized. That is, public affairs media use might replace real political action and some people might be informed, but politically apathetic. Watching television has been attributed with lower academic achievement because children a re replacing homework and study with television watching (Armstrong & Greenberg, 1990; Hornik, 1978). INTRODUCTION 21 Other content-irrelevant effects maybe due to the form of the media presentation. Tavris (1988) is one writer who has suggested that television’s regular commercial interruptions has led to shorter attention spans.Scholars (Shannon & Weaver, 1949) investigating how information theory is relevant to media effects have found that the randomness of television’s formal features are connected to aggressive responses (Watt & Krull, 1977). Kozma (1991) speculated how the form and use of different media lead to different learning styles and outcomes. And there is a good deal of evidence that arousing media content, whether it is violent, pornographic, or suspenseful, can lead to similar excitation effects (Zillmann, 1980, 1982).In order to understand how media effects occur, we need to uncover, first, if they are content-relevant or content-irrelevant. Short Te rm Versus Long Term Media effects can be long or short term. This dimension is not only a descriptive one, but also helps describe the process of media effects. When we examine media effects, we need to question how long the effect is theoretically expected to last. Some effects, such as increased arousal (or relaxation) are relatively short term, and disappear quickly. Others, such as agenda setting, may last somewhat longer, but may disappear as the media agenda changes.Still other effects, such as the social learning of aggressive behavior, are expected to be fairly enduring, especially if the aggressive behavior, once performed, is rewarded. Some theories do not specify the persistence of their effects. Do the stereotypes that children learn from television persist even as children watch less and less television as they get older? How long do the effects of televised political ads (and their associated voting intentions) last? What are the possibilities that new ads (and new inf ormation) will change voting intentions?And what are the implications of differing periods of influence? Clearly, short-term effects can have a profound impact. If, for example, a short-term arousal effect of a violent film leads someone to get involved in a fight, permanent injury could result. But, if agenda-setting effects last only as long as an issue stays near the top of the media agenda, what long-lasting impacts can result? Media effects scholars should be clear in specifying the duration of the effects that they study. 22 CHAPTER 1 Reinforcement Versus Change A final dimension of media effects is that of reinforcement versus change.Does media exposure alter or stabilize? The most visible media effects studies focus on how media content or exposure changes the audience (or society or culture). For example, we are concerned how placid children might be changed into aggressive ones by watching violent cartoons. Or that respectful men will change into uncaring desensitized oafs through exposure to pornography. Or that voters might have their political values adjusted through exposure to political ads. Or that ignorant citizens will become knowledgeable through exposure to public affairs news.And so on. There is evidence, though, that communication’s strongest effect, overall, is reinforcement and stabilization. Selective exposure leads people to prefer media messages that reinforce their preexisting views. Selective perception points out that people interpret media content to reinforce their attitudes. Because it is often easier to observe change than reinforcement, we often neglect media’s power to stabilize. Advertisements that keep supporters active in a political campaign and keep them from wavering in support yield important effects.Media content that reinforces the already existing aggressive tendencies of a young boy may be an even more important influence than prosocial messages that have little impact. We must be careful not to equa te reinforcement effects with null effects. CONCLUSION The study of media effects is grounded in the belief that mass communication has noticeable effects on individuals, society, and culture. Evidence for these effects, though, is problematic. On one hand, despite consistence findings of effects, the variance accounted for is typically small.Moreover, the strongest effects are usually relegated to laboratory settings, which are highly artificial settings. There are, however, several reasons to expect that research underestimates media effects. Our models, theories, and methods are still imprecise; we still cannot offer complete explanations for media effects. The study of media effects remains important so that we can increase understanding of the role mass communication plays in shaping our lives. Awareness of the process of media effects will allow us to use mass communication effectively—to maximize desirable outcomes and minimize negative effects.

The Mental Health Treatment Of Australia - 1571 Words

In the Mental Health treatment we can distinguish two different approaches to patient treatment, this is known as models of treatment, firstly we have a medical model, and secondary we a using person recovery model. To understanding of recovery in Australia, we have to acknowledge that is heavily influenced by recovery research and literature from the USA, Canada and New Zealand It is suggested that the term â€Å"recovery† has been adopted in Australia from the late 1980s (Lakeman, 2004, p.212; McGrath et al., 2007). It has become popular in mental health discourse and influences policy directives and service delivery initiatives (Meehan et al., 2007; Rickwood, 2004; Slade et al., 2008). Medical model in the mental health mostly concentrates on the treatment of the physiological aspect of illness, this model is used at the inpatients admissions, by psychiatrist overall in the clinical /medical settings. 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Personal Narrative Friends And Family Extroversion

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